Sanely-timed signals. Longwood is a bitch to get to because the combination of BTD and DCR signals you have to traverse to get the very short distance between Storrow and the LMA have some of the worst goddamn timings known to man. The Northeastern study linked to in
@themissinglink's post was all about synchronizing the surface signals between Boylston and Storrow in the north-south direction, Mass Ave. and Kenmore in the east-west direction to get rid of the bulk of the traffic constipation. An all-surface Charlesgate performed with fully adequate LOS if you gave the signals a whole-area treatment. MassDOT flat-out didn't model that alternative, opting not to touch the jurisdictional hornet's nest of whose signals are whose. It left the current signal anarchy in-place, which tanks the LOS for a surface option and puts the finger on their preordained "rebuild the viaduct" solution. It's the brute-forcingest way of doing it. Traffic's still going to be bad getting around because after the bounds of the physical project area you've still got loads of wretchedly-timed signals (especially the DCR ones).
EDIT: Here's the YouTube video explaining the NU study's methodology with live traffic modeling: