The cost range for most electrification projects in high- income countries is about $2–4.5 million per route- mile. There are high-end outliers, as in Toronto and California, whose projects have suffered from avoidable mistakes in planning and engineering. India is currently fully electrifying its rail network for less than $1 million per route-mile, but this is in a country with low labor costs and it would not be fair to assume this would be replicable in a higher-wage country.