Wouldn't critics say that congestion tolling will increase congestion and just takes away taxpayer money?
Not plausibly.
Please read up on how
London's worked much better than skeptics believed (there's always going to be some implacable critics, but mostly the whole of London sees why the charge has been good)
We're talking barrier-free / plate-reading gantries that enforce the toll perimeter, so there's no "backup at the tolls"
Whatever you charge more for, you sell less of...in this case, congestion tolls charge more for car-movements on downtown roads. The price acts as a disincentive to use/purchase that "space" and also deters using your car outside the perimeter to get in (i.e. if the charge has kept your car out of the center, your most likely response is to park it a home or a park-and-ride, not to drive to the threshold of the core).
Like this:
Where the white line is the London Congestion-Charge Zone, and red is everyplace that car trips fell from 2001 to 2008
So a congestion charge not only decongests the endpoint of CBD commutes, it also decongests the radial roads leading inward.
On 23 October 2003 TfL [Transport for London] published a report reviewing the first six months of the charge. The report's main findings were that the average number of cars and delivery vehicles entering the central zone was 60,000 fewer than the previous year. Around 50–60% of this reduction was attributed to transfers to public transport, 20–30% to journeys avoiding the zone, 15–25% switching to car share, and the remainder to reduced number of journeys, more travelling outside the hours of operation, and increased use of motorbikes and bicycles. Journey times were found to have been reduced by 14%
Is it a tax? Calling it a user fee is probably clearer...you are charging a dynamic, time-of-day price for a scarce asset (downtown road space). Most taxes aren't quite that market oriented. And really, most of the people who drive to the CBD are wealthy exectutives. For Manhattan, for example, the people who drive in to Manhattan at congested times are estimated to make about 34% more than the average (median?) New Yorker. Either way, it is a small number of rich people clogging the roads that'd better be used for trucks (in which we all partake the goods they ship) and buses (which lots of people use)
And motorists who value their time and enjoy driving faster end up liking it too. If you are an exec downtown who makes {edit:$100/hr,} (a $200k salary) paying $10 to save a half hour of commuting is a bargain