F-Line to Dudley
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Spain and Japan have seen some of that as well. Railroad sprawl is the original kind of sprawl, after all.
Alon Levy's a really good read on the China buildout. While they're building new HSR lines at a bugfuck pace and of course the U.S. and some other nations need to be doing the same, their construction costs are way too high for what they are building and it's digging them into a little bit of a debt hole. Conventional wisdom that they have much cheaper cost doesn't actually play out in reality. They're not U.S.-bad (or, specifically, New York-bad) at overhead...but they're worse than almost the whole rest of the world and in the same ballpark as the U.S. Which doesn't make a whole lot of sense on the surface, but Alon ties it in to a good case that totalitarian regimes or strong central governments pursuing "manifest destiny"-type overbuilds typically do a very poor job on cost controls since they treat manifest destiny as no cost too big to achieve. And then let their discipline go by the wayside and start ignoring some basic macroeconomic facts in the process. China is proving that case right now.
Where it gets bad is that China's entire economy is riding a bubble and showing signs of unsustainability writ-large for the kind of breakneck growth they're attempting at the central level. Their transportation costs may be a tiny, tiny slice of the pie but it's endemic of the overall pattern of behavior: trying to grow too big, too fast on-margin and forgetting a lot of their earlier discipline as it gets overheated to absurdity. The sprawl being created out of thin air is nuts, totally unsustainable, and the direct result of building too much too fast and having induced demand sharply outpace natural demand. At a certain level of overheating, manifest destiny outpaces smart planning and stops caring whether it gets backfilled by sprawl or induced demand or is serving pent-up demand. Demand grows slower than an ambitious government seeking instant gratification wants to grow.
So...it ends up being the same thing Industrial Revolution U.S. went through, just with a different type of government at the helm. We had tons of "railroad sprawl" in the 19th and early-20th century. It was just result of a private bubble, whereas expressway sprawl was a public bubble. Same result could've happened if public and private traded places. And is happening in China.
Ironically India, which got stereotyped more than any other country for "anarchistic overgrowth" 20 years ago, has taken much more progressive sustainability steps recently. Including on transportation and general infrastructure. It's still a lot of free-for-all on who's doing the building, but tighter controls are being placed on what sustainability standards are being met. Conventional wisdom said India was incapable of doing that because they passed up any attempt at population controls while China clamped down...and that population planning was supposed to be their difference in viability of sustainability planning. It's turning out not to be the case, because India's making it an explicit point to not go bugfuck with manifest destiny and trying to hew a closer line on building to actual vs. projected (and, thus, induced) demand.
It'll be interesting to see how this all plays out, but voluntarily or involuntarily China is not going to be building so many roads and rail lines in a few years when they have no choice but to pull back their debt spending. To the degree it leaves them with an incomplete system because major planned chunks of it had to be deferred by many years...well, Boston has a bunch of unused I-695 shields in a warehouse to send them as a gesture of "good luck with that".